Homesteader Conversations: City Farming, Bitcoin And The Future Of Self Sovereignty

Meet Erin, a Bay Space city farmer and astrologist who sees Bitcoin and homesteading as community-focused methods of changing into self-sufficient.

On this version of the “Bitcoin Homesteaders Interview Collection,” I spoke with Erin, who constructed an city farm within the yard of her rented house within the San Francisco Bay Space.

I initially met Erin at a Bay Space Bitcoin Meetup and was struck by her huge pursuits — from astronomy and astrology to Bitcoin and doomsday prepping. When not tending to her farm, she’s engaged on a PhD in Earth and planetary science and operating a podcast known as “Hell Cash” with Casey Rodarmor (the Ordinals man).

She’s additionally reaching youngsters along with her adventures into city farming through TikTok — so comply with her there in the event you’d prefer to be taught extra about how she produces abundance out of her yard.

Erin and I talked about how she bought her begin with homesteading by probability, the distinctive challenges and benefits of city farming, paying it ahead, the longer term for San Francisco and the astrology of Bitcoin. I hope you get pleasure from!

Sidd: Thanks for becoming a member of me, Erin! Simply to kick off, are you able to inform me a bit about the way you began homesteading and the place you’re at now? 

Erin: Positive. So, I began homesteading form of accidentally. I moved out to the Bay Space about 4 and a half years in the past. And when my boyfriend and I have been looking for a spot to dwell, we have been simply wanting on Craigslist for a spot with a yard. We knew we wished to do some gardening, however we didn’t have huge plans.

We got here throughout a Craigslist advert with no footage — it was possibly two sentences lengthy saying principally, “Hey, I would like a sublet for six months. In case you are keen to feed the chickens, I’ll provide you with low-cost lease.” We responded to it, although we thought it could be faux. But when it occurred to be actual, we thought it will be a great place for us.

We discovered the one who posted the advert was Novella Carpenter, who’s virtually an area Bay Space superstar. She’s an city homesteader who wrote a e-book known as “Farm Metropolis” in 2009. It was a memoir of her life in Oakland the place she began squat gardening on an empty lot subsequent to her home. After she gardened for a protracted whereas, somebody lastly confirmed up and informed her it was their lot — however they supplied to promote it to Novella.

She purchased it and constructed out a complete city farm that’s known as Ghost City Farm. She emailed us from her private electronic mail whereas we have been going forwards and backwards concerning the itemizing, so we discovered who she was. So, the itemizing appeared actual to us after that, and since she didn’t ask for any fee forward of time we figured it wasn’t a lot of a threat.

We drove throughout the nation in a U-Haul and confirmed up with out seeing a single image of the house. We simply resolved to dwell there regardless. It felt like a synchronicity, a good looking factor to be welcomed into. 

That six-month sublet ended up turning right into a yr residing at Ghost City Farm. Nevertheless, she ended up leaving after that yr, since she solely owned the lot subsequent door and never the home she was residing in. When she left, she requested us if we wished to take the chickens. We agreed and located one other six-month sublet that was keen to have our chickens within the yard. We stuffed a U-Haul filled with fruit bushes in trash cans, cuttings in planters and eight chickens.

We moved in a month earlier than COVID.

As soon as we settled into the brand new place, we discovered that we bought together with the owner and felt comfy being there extra completely. That allowed us to extra deliberately design our backyard. Then COVID hit, which really labored out completely for us as a result of we have been residence all day, day-after-day. We spent the primary three months simply working within the yard and setting every thing up. The yard itself is lower than 1 / 4 acre. It’s not an enormous yard. However we’ve form of been ready to determine a state of affairs with some raised beds, some stuff within the floor, after which the chickens.

Humorous sufficient, a lot of the yard after we moved in was really concrete. The man who owned the home earlier than our landlord was a concrete layer who would check out new mixes in his yard. So, there’s concrete about 16 inches deep in our yard.

We thought we’d take the concrete out, however that was far too tough. As an alternative, we contacted native arborists — those that reduce down bushes — and we bought three big a great deal of mulch. We coated all the yard in mulch and simply began planting on high of the concrete and mulch.

Tip: Arborists offers you free mulch everytime you’re capable of take it, as a result of they only must eliminate it.

From an city soil perspective, loading mulch on that concrete is definitely a fantastic factor to have the ability to do since you don’t actually know what’s within the soil in an city setting. Even when one thing’s not close to a present-day construction, the chances that somebody had a bizarre shed or no matter with lead paint on it, for instance, are usually not zero. Until you actually go foot by foot and check the soil in your yard, you received’t know what you’re rising in. It’s an enormous drawback for city homesteading. So, beginning recent on high of concrete and constructing new soil really eradicated numerous potential points.

We’ve been right here for 2 and a half years, so we’ve seen a few seasons right here now. That’s the story to this point.

Sidd: And what’s your private background? What else are you doing outdoors of homesteading and the way did you uncover Bitcoin?

Erin: Properly, I’m initially from Pennsylvania, and that’s the place I lived till we moved out right here. I moved to the Bay Space to start out a PhD program in Earth and planetary science at UC Berkeley. I’m presently within the PhD program, and that’s what I do for cash.

I fell in love with Bitcoin after we have been residing at Ghost City Farm initially. That was the primary time I ever purchased bitcoin as properly. So, beginning homesteading and moving into Bitcoin have been on an analogous timeline for me.

Outdoors of that, I even have a podcast known as “Hell Cash.” I do numerous astrology stuff as properly, which we are able to get into later.

Sidd: What are you producing proper now in your homestead? 

Erin: So, we’ve orange and lemon bushes, a few of that are nonetheless in trash cans, and a few of that are within the floor. Placing bushes within the floor is a fairly everlasting factor to do as a renter. We’ve tried to place issues within the floor that aren’t going to be an enormous potential drawback after we transfer out some day.

Then we’ve 13 chickens in a single space producing eggs. Though, I’ll say, even in Northern California winters, they don’t produce very a lot until you’ve got a warmth lamp. We get numerous eggs — sufficient for the 2 of us — after which some further throughout the spring, summer time and fall.

We’ve two areas by way of rising. There’s a perennial permaculture space that’s principally herbs and vegetation that simply keep within the floor and produce a brand new harvest once they’re prepared. Then we’ve two raised beds that we use for crops that we harvest on an annual foundation and that we rotate.

Proper now, the beds are empty. We’re simply getting issues began for subsequent yr. It’s our fourth summer time residing on this home, so we’re attending to the purpose the place we’ve to essentially care about soil well being for annual crop rotation. Whenever you backyard within the first yr or so, in case your soil is in good condition, every thing’s nice. After that, in the event you’re not fascinated about fertilize issues and make it possible for your soil is properly balanced, it will probably actually begin to go dangerous.

We’re centered on getting soil checks finished to get a way for our soil well being, so we are able to keep that into this yr. We even have worm composting, which I like to recommend to anybody who even has identical to a tiny yard.

Worm composting is principally a system of Tupperware-like massive bins which have grates on the backside. Stack 4 or 5 of them on high of one another with smaller and smaller grates as you go down the stack. Put your compost within the high bin and add worms. The worms eat your compost and because it breaks down, compost falls to the decrease ranges and the worms unfold out. You produce nice fertilizer so rapidly in a really space-efficient means. The underside container will get stuffed with black gold.

Sidd: So, in these first three months, was it full-time give you the results you want and your boyfriend to construct beds, lay mulch and plant every thing? What was the method of getting it began once you correctly kicked off?

Erin: I might say it was a full-time weekend job for 2 to a few months. We each work full-time jobs throughout the week, however we have been working from residence. That helped with a number of duties, like tending to new chicks. It’s actually arduous to have a nine-to-five workplace job and lift chicks. You want to have the ability to do quarter-hour of upkeep or checkup throughout the day — that makes an enormous distinction. So, a distant job the place you’re working from residence is ideal.

Fortuitously, it was additionally a very nice solution to see buddies at the moment. Within the early days of COVID, folks have been probably not leaving the home or doing something. So, folks have been keen even to come back over and transfer mulch round for 4 hours. That meant we bought numerous assist.

I feel residing in an city setting, so many individuals don’t have entry to nature or the enjoyment of cultivating one thing. It’s very satisfying work. So, even when we’ve huge duties which might be loads for simply two folks to do, we’re often capable of finding some buddies that prefer to make a cute form of cottage time out of it.

Sidd: How did you learn to arrange and run your homestead? 

Erin: A variety of it was Novella, initially, since we lived on her farm which was at that time about 15 years outdated. She was our largest mentor. After we took cuttings from her vegetation, we have been already accustomed to how they behave in the event that they’re doing properly or not.

I didn’t develop up doing this, and neither did my boyfriend. Our experiences with Novella and the web bought us right here. We do have a ton of homesteader books, however I haven’t cracked open most of them as a result of any query I’ve I can simply Google round for whereas I’m out within the backyard. There are numerous boards with folks figuring it out on-line.

I additionally discovered the free permaculture course from Heather Jo Flores very useful and gratifying as a result of it goes into the rules behind permaculture. These rules assist me to maintain asking, “What’s it I’m really making an attempt to do right here?” so I put extra thought into my designs.

Our studying path has been a mix of that preliminary mentorship, numerous Googling after which simply experimenting and willingness to fail. We’re not doing this for revenue or making an attempt to dwell fully off our land which suggests we’ve a giant margin for error.

Sidd: What labor is concerned now in operating your backyard and the chickens? 

Erin: It is dependent upon the time of yr, and since we’re doing it for enjoyable as a substitute of to outlive, it additionally is dependent upon how motivated we’re and the way a lot time we’ve to commit. Within the spring, from February to April, is probably the most intensive time since you’re sprouting seeds and you need to plant every thing. That’s the planting and sowing seed stage.

As soon as every thing is within the floor, we’ve drip irrigation. We don’t must go on the market and water day-after-day. The chickens have a feed factor they’ll simply step on to open to allow them to get meals. We simply need to refill that like as soon as each different week and accumulate eggs, which isn’t work — that’s enjoyable.

The door to the rooster coop opens and closes with the solar utilizing a lightweight sensor, and the chickens are like robots — they know to go out and in of the coop. So, the extent of labor is truthfully as much as how a lot effort we wish to be placing in. It finally ends up being a Saturday or Sunday, possibly each different week or so, changing into a chosen work day to do a little bit of upkeep.

When you’re working from residence, and you may spare quarter-hour in a day to do no matter must be finished outdoors of a weekend day, I feel it’s simple to keep up one thing that’s this small. Particularly chickens.

I like to recommend chickens to everybody who has a yard. I feel they’re loads simpler than folks initially anticipate. I’m certain if we hadn’t inherited chickens, it will have been a giant determination to get them. However now, we’re by no means going to dwell with out chickens. They’re part of our life and now we all know how simple they’re. 

Sidd: What concerning the noise from chickens — does that ever trouble you or your neighbors? 

Erin: They’re noisy, and roosters is usually a lot. Nevertheless, we’re in a metropolis anyway. Most individuals are used to noise. They’re anticipating it. 

The principle issue for us was discovering landlords which might be cool with them. On this space, neighbors aren’t the issue. It’s Berkeley folks, they assume it’s cute and funky. We had one neighbor who put up a fuss about it, nevertheless it was as a result of he thought we have been simply yuppies that didn’t know what we have been doing. As soon as he realized we had a clue, he liked us and loved having us as neighbors. That was a humorous form of rite-of-passage expertise.

Sidd: So, stroll me via all of the fruits, greens and herbs you might be rising.

Erin: We’ve virtually infinite lemons and oranges yr spherical coming from two bushes in trash cans and one within the floor for each of these. We even have an insanely prolific raspberry bush that produces probably the most scrumptious raspberries I’ve ever had. We randomly planted artichoke, which is perennial. It’s all the time doing tremendous properly.

After which we’ve numerous herbs. These have been simple, particularly herbs for teas and medicinal herbs. I used to be actually into that for a sec. throughout COVID, as a result of I wished various therapeutic choices. Certainly one of my favourite issues to do is a giant harvest of herbs. I hold them to dry after which experiment with totally different tea blends.

We’ve to resolve what to plant for the summer time within the raised beds. My grandfather on my mother’s aspect was an avid tomato gardener in Pittsburgh who saved seeds each single yr. I used to be capable of get a few of his seeds from the 2008 planting, and already bought some to sprout and develop. I saved seeds from those who we are able to plant once more.

Lastly, we develop numerous weed yearly, contained in the authorized quantity in California of six vegetation. We’re legally rising extra weed than we might ever presumably smoke. I simply give it away.

Sidd: When you transfer, are you going to dig every thing up? Or take cuttings and begin anew?

Erin: So, we really dwell in a duplex, and our new neighbors that moved in a yr in the past stated they selected this place partially due to all of the work we had finished. They wished to start out gardening, so we helped them construct out two extra raised beds to plant in. Now we get to share this space with folks which might be like minded and wish to domesticate with us.

So, after we lastly do transfer out sometime, relying on the dynamics of who’s residing upstairs, we would simply go away it for them. We might simply take cuttings of no matter we would like, principally. Having moved a lot from sublet to sublet, I feel it’s good to depart issues higher than you discovered them. To provide the folks shifting in one thing they’re ready to make use of and construct off is a very nice feeling to have upon shifting out of a spot.

It’s paying it ahead. If we simply moved into an empty lot, I can’t think about what we’d be doing now. We have been lucky to see different folks doing it, and there’s numerous generosity in wanting to maintain the land going the best way that it’s reasonably than tearing every thing out and taking it with you. 

Sidd: What are your ideas on the significance of genetics within the vegetation you’re rising? 

Erin: After I take into consideration genetics, I take into consideration biodiversity. Typically talking, I lean within the doomsday prepper course. Having a homestead is thrilling for me for the food-security facet. Our backyard hasn’t solved that drawback, nevertheless it does give us a buffer. That alleviates what some would name “anxiousness” within the background — however I simply assume it’s realism concerning the state of issues.

So, after we have been establishing the homestead, I used to be fixated on how there’s so little biodiversity in our meals system. So many farmers simply purchase seeds from the identical folks they usually’re genetically modified. On high of that, most of the hybrid seeds actually can’t be saved — they received’t propagate on to new generations or it’s unlawful to take action. 

Little or no range in seeds makes it simpler for a illness to unfold like wildfire and wipe out a bunch of genetically-identical vegetation. So, I used to be all in favour of discovering varieties that have been sourced from folks making an attempt to protect biodiversity, and in addition to optimize for issues that grew properly in my microclimate. At this level, a pair years in, one of the simplest ways for me to do this is to save lots of seeds myself yearly. Long run, I hope I can begin a seed farm and promote seeds so as to assist keep biodiversity.

Sidd: Most homesteaders, I feel, are withdrawing from the world in numerous methods. Nevertheless, it appears you’re fascinated about it in a extra communal means. Why do you assume that’s? What function does neighborhood play in your homesteading journey? 

Erin: I feel it’s a little bit of a life-style distinction given I dwell in an city space. I’m not capable of fortify and shut myself off the best way I feel lots of people who do that form of life-style are. And at this stage of my life I don’t assume that’s one thing that I wish to do. 

For instance, I like that there’s actually one Bitcoin meetup per week, at the very least in my space. I like residing someplace the place there’s loads happening and it’s simple for me to work together with folks and be part of one thing better than myself. I might reasonably attempt to construct up my neighborhood round me than simply survive remoted with my household.

I’m certain I bought this from someplace, however I feel rising a backyard is among the solely particular person radical acts that you are able to do. Shopping for bitcoin might be one other one. Rising a backyard makes you extra self reliant and means that you can provide primary must folks round you. When you have a pair ft of dust, you are able to do that. I undoubtedly went via a part the place I assumed we wanted to maneuver to the center of nowhere and fortify, however I’ve gotten previous that now.

We’re additionally lucky to dwell in an space with many stable regenerative farms with community-supported agriculture (CSA) drop offs, so we’ve a vegetable CSA and a meat CSA. That’s one other benefit of residing in a populated space — you’ve got entry to loads higher meals sources that may nonetheless be very native. We’ve many choices right here from city farms to the broader Bay Space, which is why I don’t really feel such a powerful must subsist off simply what I develop. I might reasonably simply be part of that community personally.

Sidd: Again to Bitcoin. I observed a powerful curiosity in homesteading amongst Bitcoiners after I traveled throughout the U.S. this yr. What’s your learn on that? Is there actual curiosity in shifting again to the land and farming? 

Erin: I feel it’s actual. However I feel the back-to-the-land factor is fraught. It’s the identical factor that the hippies did. I feel folks underestimate how tough and isolating it’s to actually go away society. I consider in my energy as part of a neighborhood sufficient that I feel I could make change, throughout the space that I’m in. I don’t know that I might really feel that means if I lived someplace else.

The Bay Space has a powerful sluggish meals motion left from the hippies within the ’60s and ’70s, and I really feel like folks listed below are extra okay with various existence. There’s an urge for food for experimenting with extra decentralized, anarchist conditions, for higher or for worse. San Francisco is on the dangerous aspect of that, like, anarchy line. Like I stated, I feel the meals system is an issue that you could really attempt to sort out as a person or as a household, which isn’t the case for lots of political points.

In case you are that nervous concerning the meals system, you should purchase a few acres and begin a farm to be part of the answer. That goes hand in hand with the decentralized economics of Bitcoin as properly. In my eyes, decentralization is a large a part of this new motion of rising issues the correct means and incorporating animals into your rising ethically. I don’t assume that we are able to have a vegan, plant-based agricultural system — we’d like animals to be part of that. And I like that numerous Bitcoiners get that.

There’s additionally a parallel between Bitcoin and homesteading in programs design. You will have to have the ability to zoom out and recognize the system as an entire. In a fantastic backyard, you might be establishing the correct rising situations in order that the stuff you plant all contribute to one another and soil well being is maintained. That’s a sublime system that’s really sustainable — not sustainable in a buzzwordy means. Bitcoin and its incentive construction are equally sustainable. 

Sidd: I wish to get your tackle what’s taking place in San Francisco. In a latest “Hell Cash” episode, you talked about how San Francisco has many wild dichotomies. For instance, you’ll be sipping a $20 cocktail in a pleasant bar with folks capturing heroin outdoors and feces on the street. What’s your learn on what’s taking place in S.F.? 

Erin: That’s a tricky one. There are lots of people that make some huge cash residing in S.F., however I feel they’re not very invested in San Francisco in the long run. After I take into consideration the folks I do know who dwell in San Francisco, they go to Tahoe to ski each weekend. As soon as they’ve youngsters, they transfer out of S.F. I feel there are extra canines than youngsters within the metropolis of San Francisco.

This can be a generalization, however I really feel numerous tech individuals are superb to only order DoorDash and hand around in their house throughout the week, then go away on the weekends. I don’t assume there’s the identical stage of funding in residing in San Francisco as someplace like Los Angeles or New York — which have excessive revenue as properly.

San Francisco folks strike me as both shut-ins or outdoorsy. In each instances, they’re not going out within the city and experiencing issues. I’ve nonetheless not totally wrapped my head across the homeless state of affairs or how folks clarify that to themselves. After I go to San Francisco, it shakes me to my core. One thing must be finished however I do not know what.

The social norm is to only ignore it as you stroll by. That’s a horrible factor to do, however that’s all you are able to do, proper? That’s all that’s socially acceptable to do, at the very least. Homelessness has turn out to be such an ingrained a part of the politics right here: Nobody actually is aware of resolve it, or the options are unsavory to a progressive mindset. So, the reply is simply to disregard it, and never spend time in San Francisco.

It’s fascinating that the remainder of the Bay Space doesn’t really feel like that in any respect. Oakland and Berkeley don’t really feel like that. They really feel like lived-in locations the place folks spend their complete lives, elevating youngsters and all. Oakland and Berkeley are most likely the very best life-style by way of what I’m in search of out of life: a yard, chickens and low-key neighbors. There’s no house owner’s affiliation to cope with. However I can take the bus to work, we are able to bike wherever we would like, it’s a really walkable space. 

Sidd: The place do you assume San Francisco is heading? What’s going to it appear like in 20 years?

Erin: My hope is that the tech sector ultimately peters out of the Bay Space. For tax causes, I really feel like that’s not an unlikely situation. Then I hope that San Francisco builds extra housing and it turns into extra inexpensive to dwell there. It’s a good looking metropolis with an unimaginable local weather, and that may all the time be a draw. It simply wants a reset. 

Sidd: So, the very last thing I wish to speak about is your curiosity in astrology. I discover it fascinating the way you speak about Bitcoin and different social change via that lens. I’m curious, why are you so all in favour of astrology?

Erin: God is aware of! It’d be actually handy if I wasn’t, truthfully. The extra I realized about it, the extra my world formed round it. I began seeing issues in that framework, and it turned the dominant means that I understood life. 

I feel perception and non secular construction are a pure a part of the human expertise. So, you possibly can both be self aware of it, acknowledging what you consider and that it’s not one thing you’re going to logically justify. Or, you possibly can attempt to faux you don’t need to consider something — however that simply makes you much less conscious of the road between your perception constructions and your logical mind.

It’s arduous for me to think about how I might make sense of something with out astrology. I by no means stopped eager to find out about astrology, and I all the time discover new methods to know the world with it. Nevertheless, I additionally contemplate myself a science individual that enjoys pondering logically. I simply consider them as being totally different instruments in a instrument belt. Each have their limitations. However once more, in the event you don’t have the non secular understanding, I feel you’ll fill it with one thing else. That may very well be an ideology or a form of non secular interpretation of science, however you’re going to create a perception construction even in the event you assume you don’t consider in something. 

Sidd: You’ve talked about the astrological age of Aquarius many occasions in podcasts: What’s that and what does it say about every thing we’ve talked about? 

Erin: So, the age of Aquarius is an astrological age. Astrological ages are decided by the precession of the equinoxes of the Earth. Over a interval of 1000’s of years, the Earth wobbles on its axis. This implies the equinox factors in a unique course over time, into totally different constellations. The equinox factors towards every signal for about 2,000 years. 

So, we’ve been within the age of Pisces for the final 2,000 years, and we’re transitioning out of it now. Jesus is usually regarded as a really quintessential Pisces vitality, as a result of Pisces is all about spirituality and dissolving the self into the opposite. I really feel like faith because the opiate of the lots is a really age of Pisces form of vitality.

The final 2,000 years have been so dominated by the foremost monotheistic religions, with the best way folks decide what’s good, what’s useful, what’s authorized even, all derives from these monotheistic constructions. Even the Gregorian calendar we use as we speak began 2,000 years in the past, with the daybreak of the age of Pisces. Monotheistic faith is such an enormous a part of the framework as we speak; of the soup that we’re residing in.

Now we’re transitioning into the age of Aquarius. When the age really begins is very debated, however I’ve heard lots of people say the yr 2000 and even the yr 2140, unrelated to Bitcoin. In any case, the age of Aquarius is marked by themes like decentralization and expressing individuality whereas nonetheless being a part of a collective.

The web involves thoughts with age of Aquarius vibes. I additionally assume the transition to the knowledge age and the dissolution of the hierarchical construction we had earlier than are huge themes. There are all these totally different sorts of decentralized methods of figuring out what’s useful and true, like Bitcoin, however they’re additionally so chaotic proper now. That’s age of Aquarius vitality.

My Bitcoin journey is definitely tied to astrology as properly. I wasn’t following it carefully, however I used to be shopping for small quantities as a doomsday prep of kinds as a buffer towards an economic system that appeared faux. Then, on the finish of 2020, there was a conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Aquarius. I felt like all this Aquarius vitality would are available, filling the void left from COVID.

The day of the conjunction, as we have been driving out to the seashore, I checked out my telephone and realized bitcoin was again as much as $18,000. That felt like age of Aquarius vitality. Throughout 2021, bitcoin’s worth adopted the developments of Jupiter carefully. So, seeing all these Aquarius transits occur with Bitcoin, I resolved to be taught extra about it. I discovered an in-depth article concerning the astrology of Bitcoin and it simply clicked for me. This and the web are how we are able to dissolve this corrupt, top-down monetary system that everybody is aware of is damaged.

Sidd: One final query: Is there an astrological clarification for the latest bitcoin run up? 

Erin: So, this weekend I’m assembly up with some Bitcoin astrologers. After all, this isn’t an astrologically-random time: we’re assembly up for the brand new moon in Aquarius. So, as we speak is Tuesday the seventeenth of January, and there’s a brand new moon in Aquarius on Saturday the twenty first. The brand new moon might be in the identical space that Pluto will go into between March and June this yr. So, I feel this might be a sneak peek into what Pluto in Aquarius will convey. After Pluto leaves Aquarius this yr, it’s going to re-enter in 2024 and keep till 2044.

So, we’re getting a bit of blip of what that new vitality coming in could be.

Sidd: Thanks for sharing your ideas, Erin!

This can be a visitor publish by Captain Sidd. Opinions expressed are fully their very own and don’t essentially mirror these of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Journal.

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