At ETHAsia 2025, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap to enhance Ethereum’s Layer 1 (L1) while strengthening its synergy with Layer 2 (L2) solutions, aiming to make Ethereum a secure "world computer" for large-scale applications.
Current State and Scalability Plans
- Current Throughput: L1 at 15 TPS, L2 at 250 TPS.
- Pectra Upgrade: Increases Blob capacity from 3 (~375 kB) to 6 (~750 kB), doubling L2 TPS to ~500.
- Fusaka Upgrade (Q3/Q4 2025): Targets 48 blobs (~6 MB), potentially 128 (~16 MB) with PeerDAS, or 512 (~64 MB) with full DAS, pushing L2 TPS to tens of thousands (Attachment 0).
Scaling L1 with L2 Techniques
Buterin proposed using L2’s scalability methods, like leveraging production-verification asymmetry—to enhance L1 (Attachment 2). L1 remains crucial for censorship resistance, cross-L2 asset transfers, and L2 failure support (Attachment 1: gas needs table shows L2 apps benefit from L1 use, e.g., cross-L2 movements drop from 278x to 5.5x gas with ideal tech).
L2’s Role in an L1-Scaled World
Hyperscale operations beyond native DA.
Transaction sequencing (lower latency, MEV protection).
Diverse VM designs for innovation.
2026 L1 Proposals – Block-level access lists (parallel I/O).
- Delayed execution.
- Multi-dimensional calldata gas.
- Repricing.
- EIP-4444 (history expiry via P2P networks).
- FOCIL.
Account Abstraction
EIP-7702 introduces:
- Enhanced security, UX, and quantum resistance.
- Paymasters for flexible gas payments.
- Native smart contract wallets.
- Guardians for decentralized control (devices, friends/family, institutions with ZK wrappers).
Additional Improvements
- L1 privacy features.
- EVM upgrades.
- Protocol simplification (SSZ, VM stuff).
- SSF: Quantum resistance, security enhancements.
- Slot time reduction.
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This summary is derived from this article.
