Summary of Vitalik Buterin’s Keynote: "The Future of Ethereum L1"

At ETHAsia 2025, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap to enhance Ethereum’s Layer 1 (L1) while strengthening its synergy with Layer 2 (L2) solutions, aiming to make Ethereum a secure "world computer" for large-scale applications.

Current State and Scalability Plans

• Current Throughput: L1 at 15 TPS, L2 at 250 TPS.
• Pectra Upgrade: Increases Blob capacity from 3 (~375 kB) to 6 (~750 kB), doubling L2 TPS to ~500.
• Fusaka Upgrade (Q3/Q4 2025): Targets 48 blobs (~6 MB), potentially 128 (~16 MB) with PeerDAS, or 512 (~64 MB) with full DAS, pushing L2 TPS to tens of thousands (Attachment 0).

Scaling L1 with L2 Techniques
Buterin proposed using L2’s scalability methods, like leveraging production-verification asymmetry—to enhance L1 (Attachment 2). L1 remains crucial for censorship resistance, cross-L2 asset transfers, and L2 failure support (Attachment 1: gas needs table shows L2 apps benefit from L1 use, e.g., cross-L2 movements drop from 278x to 5.5x gas with ideal tech).

L2’s Role in an L1-Scaled World

Hyperscale operations beyond native DA.

Transaction sequencing (lower latency, MEV protection).

Diverse VM designs for innovation.

2026 L1 Proposals – Block-level access lists (parallel I/O).

• Delayed execution.
• Multi-dimensional calldata gas.
• Repricing.
• EIP-4444 (history expiry via P2P networks).
• FOCIL.

Account Abstraction
EIP-7702 introduces:

• Enhanced security, UX, and quantum resistance.
• Paymasters for flexible gas payments.
• Native smart contract wallets.
• Guardians for decentralized control (devices, friends/family, institutions with ZK wrappers).

Additional Improvements

• L1 privacy features.
• EVM upgrades.
• Protocol simplification (SSZ, VM stuff).
• SSF: Quantum resistance, security enhancements.
• Slot time reduction.

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This summary is derived from this article.